Authored By:
Bruno Tolla, Ph.D., Denis Jean, Kyle Loomis, Yanrong Shi, Ph.D.
Kester
Itasca, IL, USA
Summary
No-clean fluxes present great benefits for the Electronic assembly industry, but the activity of the unwashed process residues must be tightly controlled in order to meet high reliability standards. The pervasive miniaturization trends of the industry, coupled with a complexification of the component architectures profoundly affect the nature and the reactivity of the flux residues. A series of customized Surface Insulation Resistance Experiments under various SMT components demonstrate the dramatic impact of the partial activation of the fluxes, unevaporated solvents and non-decomposed activators on the reliability of the final assembly. Mainstream no-clean pastes and liquid fluxes, which are qualified under all the standard SIR and ECM reliability tests, present SIR values several decades lower than the 100MΩ limit mandated by IPC J-STD-004B when tested under QFNs. Different surface mount components (Passive, QFP, BGA) can be more or less forgiving depending on the induced heat gradients and resistance to outgassing. From this perspective, we demonstrate how a thorough examination of the interplay between assembly architecture, processing conditions and flux formulation is the necessary condition for the design of reliable fluxes mitigating the risks of in-field failures of the final assembly. This study forms the background for the proposal of new reliability testing standards for the electronic assembly industry.
Conclusions
This study demonstrates the strong interaction between solder materials and components in determining the reliability of an electronic assembly. The multiple mechanisms at play were described, and their dramatic impact was assessed through the comparison of simple and open structures (capacitors, BGAs) with more complex architectures (QFNs). The latter creates a challenging environment for some commercial pastes, who dramatically fail reliability tests while performing adequately under current industry standards. On the other hand, it is demonstrated that solder material suppliers are able to design robust formula performing reliably under various environmental conditions and with a large set of components.
We showed that complex leadless devices like QFNs create specific issues due to their greater thermal mass, low standoff, and the tortuosity of their outgassing channels. This architecture is prone to trap solvents and decomposition products, and also creates thermal gradients altering the complex chemical processes at play during reflow. While these processes were studied in detail, it is difficult to discriminate their impact. Regardless, the general differences observed between open architectures (BGAs, capacitors, open conditions) and QFNs indicate that the
outgassing effects are prevalent.
These results highlight the importance of the design of representative qualification protocols for electronic assemblies, in terms of architecture and end-usage environment (T, RH, Voltage Gradients). This requirement becomes critical when low stand-off components are to be used, a common trend of today's electronics industry. Consequently, there is a need to update the testing and qualification standards, and we certainly hope the customized boards presented here will participate to this reflection.
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