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The Brave New World of Human EnhancementTechnology Briefing |
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TranscriptAs the three powerful technological forces-information technology, biotechnology, and nanotechnology-of the Digital Era converge, our lives and businesses are being reshaped in ways that challenge our abilities as humans to even imagine the possibilities. One of the most intriguing outcomes of this convergence is the rise of new tools for enhancing human bodies and minds in order to make healthy people stronger, smarter, and even healthier. Although many opportunities for enhancement exist, the three most commonly cited are:
Each of these technologies is now being developed as a treatment for existing conditions, rather than as an enhancement for otherwise healthy adults and embryos. But many other therapies that were designed to restore deficiencies in unhealthy people have been used by healthy people to gain a competitive advantage. Consider Tour de France champion Lance Armstrong's use of testosterone, Erythropoietin, and human growth hormone to improve his performance, as chronicled in Time magazine. Another example is the misuse of nootropics or "smart drugs" by managers, entrepreneurs, lawyers, bankers, college students, and professors. As we discussed in the August 2016 issue of Trends, the most commonly used smart drugs are Modafinil, which is approved by the FDA as a treatment for excessive sleepiness caused by narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea, or shift work sleep disorder; as well as Adderall and Ritalin, both of which are prescribed as treatments for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Research studies and published reports reveal that these drugs are frequently used by people who do not have sleep disorder or ADHD to sharpen their concentration, work longer hours, and make better decisions. Similarly, synthetic blood designed to compensate for shortages of human blood could be enhanced to carry more oxygen, bestowing the recipient with superior speed or strength. Or it could make people healthier by resisting infections and diseases better than normal blood. Neuroprosthetics could be used to improve brain functions in people who have not suffered from brain injuries or diseases. Brain-machine interfaces could evolve-as information technology makes devices more powerful and nanotechnology makes them smaller-to the point that people will have chips implanted in their brains that will provide instant access to terabytes of data. Or nanoscale computers embedded in gray matter will enable the brain to process information faster, learn a foreign language instantly, understand advanced physics, or think creatively. Genetic editing of human embryos opens up the potential for "designer babies" that will develop bigger brains, stronger muscles, and other traits chosen by parents, such as a specific eye or hair color. According to Associate Professor Robert Sparrow of the Monash University Centre for Human Bioethics in Melbourne, the experiment at Guangzhou Medical University's "most plausible use, and most likely use, is the technology of human enhancement." As he asserts, "If you were serious about not wanting to go down this path where wealthy people are having children who have been genetically modified to have capacities that aren't available to the children of poor parents, then the time to try and stop it is now. Once someone shows they can do it safely and effectively and then we try to say 'no, we shouldn't do it,' that strikes me as too late." Based on this fascinating trend, we offer the following forecasts: First, the emergence of technologies that offer the potential for human enhancement will prove useful to society when used to treat people with disabilities or to prevent diseases. The most promising new tool in this regard is the CRISPR-Cas gene editing technology. Compared to existing techniques for gene editing, "It's about 1,000 times cheaper," according to Harvard Medical School geneticist George Church. It's also faster and more accurate. And it now has the support of the U.S. government. According to New Scientist magazine, in June 2016, the National Institutes of Health's Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee announced that it had approved the first human trials using CRISPR to study whether it can be used to bolster the immune systems of cancer patients. Jennifer Doudna, a researcher at the University of California at Berkeley who co-invented CRISPR, believes that the tool will ultimately lead to effective treatments and cures to cancer, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and other diseases. Second, several obstacles stand in the way of commercialization of these technologies as paths to human enhancement. One hurdle is technological. Although progress is being made, it isn't certain that the vision of enhanced bodies and brains will ever become a reality. Science still has a long way to go before it will fully understand how the brain works, why people age, or what constitutes consciousness. In the case of genetic editing, according to a Time magazine essay by Craig Venter, who oversaw the sequencing of the human genome, "We have little or no knowledge of how (with a few exceptions) changing the genetic code will affect development and the subtlety associated with the tremendous array of human traits." Third, most Americans will oppose the use of scientific enhancements to human brains and bodies until they are convinced the benefits will outweigh the risks. A recent survey by Pew Research Center highlights this widespread resistance. According to the survey, about two-thirds of U.S. adults say they would be "very" or "somewhat" worried about the use of gene editing, brain chips, and synthetic blood in healthy people. When asked if they would want chips implanted in their own brains, 66 percent said no, while only 32 percent said yes. When it comes to synthetic blood, 66 percent would not want it, while only 35 percent would want it. The issue of whether they would want to use genetic editing to prevent diseases in their children drew a more mixed response, with 50 percent opposed and 48 percent in favor. |
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